25 research outputs found

    Élaboration d'un systĂšme Ă  base de rĂšgles pour l'identification des zones perturbĂ©es en milieu forestier

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    La gestion d’un territoire forestier exige rĂ©guliĂšrement une mise Ă  jour de cartes. Cette actualisation peut s’effectuer automatiquement grĂące aux techniques de dĂ©tection du changement. La procĂ©dure s’accomplit en plusieurs Ă©tapes, oĂč chacune d’entre elles risque d’introduire des erreurs. La carte finale comporte alors de nombreuses fausses alarmes qui doivent ĂȘtre corrigĂ©es pour obtenir un document fiable. C’est pourquoi la mĂ©thode traditionnelle par photo-interprĂ©tation est souvent prĂ©fĂ©rĂ©e, car l’interprĂšte effectue avec une plus grande prĂ©cision l’identification des zones rĂ©ellement perturbĂ©es. Lors de cette procĂ©dure, l’interprĂšte utilise divers paramĂštres, tels que la texture, l’aspect, le contexte spatial mais aussi sa connaissance sur la rĂ©gion. Afin de reproduire automatiquement ce travail, il est donc nĂ©cessaire de dĂ©velopper une dĂ©marche similaire en utilisant une approche par rĂ©gion (aussi appelĂ©e orientĂ©e objet). De plus, l’intĂ©gration d’informations issues de la connaissance nĂ©cessite l’utilisation de mĂ©thodes dites intelligentes. Ces mĂ©thodes permettent d’intĂ©grer dans l’analyse les attributs de chaque rĂ©gion ainsi que la connaissance spĂ©cifique Ă  l’application. Il existe deux groupes de mĂ©thodes, celles dont l’apprentissage est pratiquĂ© avec une base d’exemples, telles que l’arbre de dĂ©cision C4.5 ou le rĂ©seau de neurones Perceptron multi-couches (PMC), et celles dont l’apprentissage est dirigĂ© par l’usager, telles que le systĂšme Ă  base de rĂšgles (JESS). Les systĂšmes intelligents ont dĂ©jĂ  Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s dans le cadre de la mise Ă  jour de cartes forestiĂšres. Malheureusement ce type d’approche n’a jamais dĂ©passĂ© l’étape du prototype. Le travail de cette thĂšse consiste Ă  Ă©valuer l’association d’une mĂ©thode classique et d’un systĂšme Ă  base de rĂšgles. Cette association permet de rĂ©duire la complexitĂ© du problĂšme Ă  rĂ©soudre. En effet, le systĂšme intelligent doit uniquement raisonner sur les cas critiques relevĂ©s par la mĂ©thode classique. Dans le contexte d’une identification du changement en milieu forestier, une analyse post-classification est combinĂ©e avec le systĂšme expert JESS. Le systĂšme proposĂ© a Ă©tĂ© testĂ© sur un site d’étude au Labrador. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus sont supĂ©rieurs Ă  ceux des mĂ©thodes conventionnelles de dĂ©tection du changement et des mĂ©thodes C4.5 et PMC. Le systĂšme JESS permet d’intĂ©grer de nombreuses rĂšgles sur le contexte spatial, les transitions temporelles et les indices de vĂ©gĂ©tation. La combinaison de toutes ces informations dans un mĂȘme systĂšme surclasse toutes les autres mĂ©thodes Ă©valuĂ©es. Par ailleurs, l’approche dĂ©veloppĂ©e peut ĂȘtre reproduite pour une nouvelle mise Ă  jour sans aucune modification.||Natural resources management has become an important topic concerning the environment. Sound management encourages the protection of our environment and supports sustainable development. Policies and regulations regarding the environment require the development of monitoring Systems. Remote sensing technologies are important tools in the elaboration of these Systems. Regional monitoring permits resource managers to obtain accurate information on the status of these resources. Based on this information, it is possible to plan actions contributing to the preservation of the environment. In this context, forest region monitoring requires the updating of forestry maps. The update can take place automatically with the assistance of change detection methods. The procedure takes place in several stages, where the possibility of introducing errors at each step exists. The final map may subsequently include numerous false alarms that must be corrected in order to obtain a reliable document. The traditional method is often preferred, because the interpreter identifies truly disturbed areas with great precision. According to the visual interpretation, the photo-interpreter uses various criteria, such as texture, appearance or context of the area to be identified. In order to reproduce this work automatically, it is necessary to develop a similar approach, such as an oriented-object method. In addition, the integration of information similar to that of the interpreter requires the use of intelligent methods. At the present, time, these methods analyse the attributes of each object, more accurately than conventional methods. In this case two groups of methods are distinguished; those based on the case-based reasoning (CBR), such as decision trees or neural networks; and those whose learning is supervised by the user, known as experts Systems (ES). For change identification in forest region, a method applying the second approach is preferred. A rule-based System has been elaborated for a study site in Labrador. Results of this approach reveal that the system provides more accurate results than the methods of the first approach. Indeed, the first group of methods depends on the samples. Otherwise, the rule-based system permits the conservation of the done work

    Lab-on-a-chip for multiplexed biosensing of residual antibiotics in milk

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    A multiplexed immunoassay-based antibiotic sensing device integrated in a lab-on-a-chip format is described. The approach is multidisciplinary and involves the convergent development of a multi-antibiotic competitive immunoassay based on sensitive wavelength interrogated optical sensor (WIOS) technology and a polymer-based self-contained microfluidic cartridge. Immunoassay solutions are pressure-driven through external and concerted actuation of a single syringe pump and multiposition valve. Moreover, the use of a novel photosensitive material in a one step fabrication process allowed the rapid fabrication of microfluidic components and interconnection port simultaneously. Pre-filled microfluidic cartridges were used as binary response rapid tests for the simultaneous detection of three antibiotic families – sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines – in raw milk. For test interpretation, any signal lower than the threshold value obtained for the corresponding Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) concentration (100 ”g L-1) was considered negative for a given antibiotic. The reliability of the multiplexed detection system was assessed by way of a validation test carried out on a series of six blind milk samples. A test accuracy of 95% was calculated from this experiment. The whole immunoassay procedure is fast (less than 10 minutes) and easy to handle (automated actuation)

    Estimating Attributable Mortality Due to Nosocomial Infections Acquired in Intensive Care Units

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    Background. The strength of the association between intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired nosocomial infections (NIs) and mortality might differ according to the methodological approach taken. Objective. TO assess the association between ICU-acquired NIs and mortality using the concept of population-attributable fraction (PAF) for patient deaths caused by ICU-acquired NIs in a large cohort of critically ill patients. Setting. Eleven ICUs of a French university hospital. Design. We analyzed surveillance data on ICU-acquired NIs collected prospectively during the period from 1995 through 2003. The primary outcome was mortality from ICU-acquired NI stratified by site of infection. A matched-pair, case-control study was performed. Each patient who died before ICU discharge was defined as a case patient, and each patient who survived to ICU discharge was denned as a control patient. The PAF was calculated after adjustment for confounders by use of conditional logistic regression analysis. Results. Among 8,068 ICU patients, a total of 1,725 deceased patients were successfully matched with 1,725 control Patients. The adjusted PAF due to ICU-acquired NI for patients who died before ICU discharge was 14.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.4%—14.8%). Stratified by the type of infection, the PAF was 6.1% (95% CI, 5.7%-6.5%) for pulmonary infection, 3.2% (95% CI, 2.8%-3.5%) for central venous catheter infection, 1.7% (95% CI, 0.9%-2.5%) for bloodstream infection, and 0.0% (95% CI, -0.4% to 0.4%) for urinary tract infection. Conclusions. ICU-acquired NI had an important effect on mortality. However, the statistical association between ICU-acquired NI and mortality tended to be less pronounced in findings based on the PAF than in study findings based on estimates of relative risk. Therefore, the choice of methods does matter when the burden of NI needs to be assesse

    Élaboration d'un systĂšme Ă  base de rĂšgles pour l'identification des zones perturbĂ©es en milieu forestier

    No full text
    La gestion d’un territoire forestier exige rĂ©guliĂšrement une mise Ă  jour de cartes. Cette actualisation peut s’effectuer automatiquement grĂące aux techniques de dĂ©tection du changement. La procĂ©dure s’accomplit en plusieurs Ă©tapes, oĂč chacune d’entre elles risque d’introduire des erreurs. La carte finale comporte alors de nombreuses fausses alarmes qui doivent ĂȘtre corrigĂ©es pour obtenir un document fiable. C’est pourquoi la mĂ©thode traditionnelle par photo-interprĂ©tation est souvent prĂ©fĂ©rĂ©e, car l’interprĂšte effectue avec une plus grande prĂ©cision l’identification des zones rĂ©ellement perturbĂ©es. Lors de cette procĂ©dure, l’interprĂšte utilise divers paramĂštres, tels que la texture, l’aspect, le contexte spatial mais aussi sa connaissance sur la rĂ©gion. Afin de reproduire automatiquement ce travail, il est donc nĂ©cessaire de dĂ©velopper une dĂ©marche similaire en utilisant une approche par rĂ©gion (aussi appelĂ©e orientĂ©e objet). De plus, l’intĂ©gration d’informations issues de la connaissance nĂ©cessite l’utilisation de mĂ©thodes dites intelligentes. Ces mĂ©thodes permettent d’intĂ©grer dans l’analyse les attributs de chaque rĂ©gion ainsi que la connaissance spĂ©cifique Ă  l’application. Il existe deux groupes de mĂ©thodes, celles dont l’apprentissage est pratiquĂ© avec une base d’exemples, telles que l’arbre de dĂ©cision C4.5 ou le rĂ©seau de neurones Perceptron multi-couches (PMC), et celles dont l’apprentissage est dirigĂ© par l’usager, telles que le systĂšme Ă  base de rĂšgles (JESS). Les systĂšmes intelligents ont dĂ©jĂ  Ă©tĂ© utilisĂ©s dans le cadre de la mise Ă  jour de cartes forestiĂšres. Malheureusement ce type d’approche n’a jamais dĂ©passĂ© l’étape du prototype. Le travail de cette thĂšse consiste Ă  Ă©valuer l’association d’une mĂ©thode classique et d’un systĂšme Ă  base de rĂšgles. Cette association permet de rĂ©duire la complexitĂ© du problĂšme Ă  rĂ©soudre. En effet, le systĂšme intelligent doit uniquement raisonner sur les cas critiques relevĂ©s par la mĂ©thode classique. Dans le contexte d’une identification du changement en milieu forestier, une analyse post-classification est combinĂ©e avec le systĂšme expert JESS. Le systĂšme proposĂ© a Ă©tĂ© testĂ© sur un site d’étude au Labrador. Les rĂ©sultats obtenus sont supĂ©rieurs Ă  ceux des mĂ©thodes conventionnelles de dĂ©tection du changement et des mĂ©thodes C4.5 et PMC. Le systĂšme JESS permet d’intĂ©grer de nombreuses rĂšgles sur le contexte spatial, les transitions temporelles et les indices de vĂ©gĂ©tation. La combinaison de toutes ces informations dans un mĂȘme systĂšme surclasse toutes les autres mĂ©thodes Ă©valuĂ©es. Par ailleurs, l’approche dĂ©veloppĂ©e peut ĂȘtre reproduite pour une nouvelle mise Ă  jour sans aucune modification.||Natural resources management has become an important topic concerning the environment. Sound management encourages the protection of our environment and supports sustainable development. Policies and regulations regarding the environment require the development of monitoring Systems. Remote sensing technologies are important tools in the elaboration of these Systems. Regional monitoring permits resource managers to obtain accurate information on the status of these resources. Based on this information, it is possible to plan actions contributing to the preservation of the environment. In this context, forest region monitoring requires the updating of forestry maps. The update can take place automatically with the assistance of change detection methods. The procedure takes place in several stages, where the possibility of introducing errors at each step exists. The final map may subsequently include numerous false alarms that must be corrected in order to obtain a reliable document. The traditional method is often preferred, because the interpreter identifies truly disturbed areas with great precision. According to the visual interpretation, the photo-interpreter uses various criteria, such as texture, appearance or context of the area to be identified. In order to reproduce this work automatically, it is necessary to develop a similar approach, such as an oriented-object method. In addition, the integration of information similar to that of the interpreter requires the use of intelligent methods. At the present, time, these methods analyse the attributes of each object, more accurately than conventional methods. In this case two groups of methods are distinguished; those based on the case-based reasoning (CBR), such as decision trees or neural networks; and those whose learning is supervised by the user, known as experts Systems (ES). For change identification in forest region, a method applying the second approach is preferred. A rule-based System has been elaborated for a study site in Labrador. Results of this approach reveal that the system provides more accurate results than the methods of the first approach. Indeed, the first group of methods depends on the samples. Otherwise, the rule-based system permits the conservation of the done work

    Correlation between emergency room visits for influenza-like illness during the influenza A (H1/N1) pandemic in children and adults.

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    International audienceSurveillance of incident influenza-like illness (ILI) was implemented in two children and adult medical emergency departments during the influenza A (H1/N1) pandemic to assess correlations in the daily number of ILI-related emergency room visits (ERV) between these departments. A total of 7165 ILIs in children and 610 ILIs in adults were observed. We noticed a high linear correlation between the number of ERV involving ILI on day D in the pediatric department and the number of ERV because of ILI 2 days later in adults (R = 0*82, P < 10(-4)). Therefore, the rate of adult ILI-related ERV might be anticipated based on the rate of pediatric ERV

    L'accident et l'organisation

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    Analysant ou rĂ©analysant un grand nombre d’évĂ©nements graves, incidents et accidents, les auteurs dressent le « portrait type » d’un accident industriel. Loin de l’erreur humaine comme facteur explicatif ultime, ils mettent en lumiĂšre les dĂ©faillances profondes de l’organisation qui conduisent, aprĂšs une pĂ©riode d’incubation, Ă  la catastrophe. Ils Ă©tablissent ainsi le « portrait robot » de l’organisation dysfonctionnelle. Les auteurs ne s’en tiennent pas lĂ  : Ă  partir de « cas d’école » d’accidents, ils jettent les bases d’une mĂ©thode nouvelle et efficace d’analyse des organisations Ă  risques, et dessinent en creux les voies de renforcement de la sĂ©curitĂ© industrielle

    L'accident et l'organisation

    No full text
    Analysant ou réanalysant un grand nombre d'événements graves, incidents et accidents, les auteurs dressent le " portrait type " d'un accident industriel. Loin de l'erreur humaine comme facteur explicatif ultime, ils mettent en lumiÚre les défaillances profondes de l'organisation qui conduisent, aprÚs une période d'incubation, à la catastrophe. Ils établissent ainsi le " portrait robot " de l'organisation dysfonctionnelle. Les auteurs ne s'en tiennent pas là : à partir de " cas d'école " d'accidents, ils jettent les bases d'une méthode nouvelle et efficace d'analyse des organisations à risques, et dessinent en creux les voies de renforcement de la sécurité industrielle

    Estimating attributable mortality due to nosocomial infections acquired in intensive care units.

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    BACKGROUND: The strength of the association between intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired nosocomial infections (NIs) and mortality might differ according to the methodological approach taken. OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between ICU-acquired NIs and mortality using the concept of population-attributable fraction (PAF) for patient deaths caused by ICU-acquired NIs in a large cohort of critically ill patients. SETTING: Eleven ICUs of a French university hospital. DESIGN: We analyzed surveillance data on ICU-acquired NIs collected prospectively during the period from 1995 through 2003. The primary outcome was mortality from ICU-acquired NI stratified by site of infection. A matched-pair, case-control study was performed. Each patient who died before ICU discharge was defined as a case patient, and each patient who survived to ICU discharge was defined as a control patient. The PAF was calculated after adjustment for confounders by use of conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among 8,068 ICU patients, a total of 1,725 deceased patients were successfully matched with 1,725 control patients. The adjusted PAF due to ICU-acquired NI for patients who died before ICU discharge was 14.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 14.4%-14.8%). Stratified by the type of infection, the PAF was 6.1% (95% CI, 5.7%-6.5%) for pulmonary infection, 3.2% (95% CI, 2.8%-3.5%) for central venous catheter infection, 1.7% (95% CI, 0.9%-2.5%) for bloodstream infection, and 0.0% (95% CI, -0.4% to 0.4%) for urinary tract infection. CONCLUSIONS: ICU-acquired NI had an important effect on mortality. However, the statistical association between ICU-acquired NI and mortality tended to be less pronounced in findings based on the PAF than in study findings based on estimates of relative risk. Therefore, the choice of methods does matter when the burden of NI needs to be assessed
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